Biochemie I

Sylabus

Lectures

Introduction to Study (Stoklasová 1)

Effect of ionizing Radiation on Living Systems. Radioisotopes in Medicine. (Hroch 2)

Chemical Thermodynamics - the Laws of Thermodynamics, Enthalpy, Entropy, Free Energy. Spontaneity of Chemical Change. Chemical Equilibrium. Equilibrium Constant. Le Chatelier´s Principle. (Hroch 1)

Chemical Kinetics. Reaction Rates and Factors that Influence them. Activation Energy and the Activated Complex. Catalysts and Mechanism of their Effect.  (Hroch 1)

Anabolism and Catabolism. High Energy Compounds. (Řezáčová 1)

Solutions and their Properties. Solubility, Concentration of Solutions. Solutions of Electrolytes, Ionization Constant. Activity (effective concentration). Colloidal and Osmotic Properties of Solutions. Components of the Blood. (Havelek 3)

Acids and Bases. The Dissociation of Water. The pH Scale. Salts, Hydrolysis of Salts, Solubility Product. Buffers, Characterization, pH, Capacity. Buffers of the Blood. (Havelek 2)

Important Organic Compounds in Biochemistry. Hydrocarbons and their Derivatives. Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Cycloalkanes, Aromatic Hydrocarbones; Alkyl- and Aryl Halides, Amino-, Nitro-derivatives of Hydrocarbons; Thiols, Sulphides, Disulphides, Sulphonic Acids; Alcohols, Phenols; Aldehydes, Ketones; Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives. Urea and its Derivatives. Typical Reactions. (Muthná 4)

Heterocyclic Compounds with one or more Heteroatoms. An Introduction to the Chemistry of Alkaloids. Vitamins as Cofactors of Enzymes. (Stoklasová 2)

Amino Acids and their Properties. Important Peptides. Proteins - Amino Acid Composition, Conformation of Proteins - Types of Bonds and Interactions. Physical and Chemical Properties. (Mrkvicová 1)

Enzymes - Characterization, Mechanism of their Action.  Kinetics of Enzymic Reactions, Michaelis Constant. Environmental Effects Influencing Enzyme Activity. Inhibition of Enzyme Activity. Nomeclature and Classification of Enzymes. Enzymes in Medicine. (Mrkvicová 2)

Introduction to Metabolism. Citric Acid Cycle and its Regulation. The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex.  (Řezáčová 1)

Oxidation and Reduction in Living Systems. Biological Oxidation. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species. (Řezáčová 2)

The Electron Transport Chain and its Components. The Mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation.  (Řezáčová 2)

Carbohydrates - Classification, Structure, Formation of Hemiacetal and Glycosidic Linkage, Properties, Basic Reactions. Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Metabolism of Glycogen, Fructose, Galactose and Uronic acids and their Regulation. (Řezáčová 4)

Synthesis and Degradation of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotides. (Beránek 2)

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids - Replication and Transcription. Proteosynthesis. (Beránek 2)  

Laboratory classes & seminars

Prof. Martin Beránek, Dr., Ph.D.

Prof. Martina Řezáčová, M.D., Ph.D.

Prof. Jiri Stulik, M.D., Ph.D.

Assoc. Prof. Radim Havelek, Dr, Ph.D.

Assoc. Prof. Miloš Hroch, Ing., Ph.D.

Assoc. Prof. Alena Stoklasová, M.D., Ph.D.

Renata Köhlerová, MS, Ph.D.

Alena Mrkvicová, MS, Ph.D..

Darina Muthná, Dr., Ph.D.

Eva Peterová, MS, Ph.D.

Darja Koutová, MS, Ph.D.

Martin Uher, Dr., Ph.D.

Seminars

Chemical Reactions.Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Chemical Reactions. Basic Calculations in Chemistry.

Solutions, pH, Bufers. Electrolytes, Electrolytic Dissociation. The Bronstedt-Lowry Concept. The pH of Acids and Bases. Buffers. Basic Calculations. Collodidal Solutions. Osmotic Pressure. Test. 

Organic Compounds Important in Biochemistry I. Hydrocarbons, Alcohols, Phenols, Quinones, Nitrogen- and Halogen-derivatives, Sulphur-containing Compounds, Aldehydes, Ketones, their Reactions. Test.

Organic Compounds Important in Biochemistry II. Organic Acids, their Reactions. Urea and its Derivatives. Importance in Biochemistry. Test. 

Heterocycles. Alkaloids. Vitamins as a Component of Enzymes. Importance in Biochemistry.  Test.

Synthetic Materials Important in Medicine. Isoprenoids, Vitamins Soluble in Fat.  Importance in Medicine.

Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins, their Properties.

Introduction to Metabolism. The Citric Acid Cycle. Substrate Phosphorylation. Test.

Enzymes. Kinetics of Enzyme reactions.  The Michaelis Constant. Factors Affecting the Rate of Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions. Isoenzymes and their Importance in Clinical Practise.

Biological Oxidation. Bioenergetics. The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species. Enzymes Involved in their Metabolism. Test.

Carbohydrates I: Structure, Properties. Digestion and Transport of Carbohydrates. Metabolism of Glucose - Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis.

Carbohydrates II: Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Metabolism of Glycogen, Fructose, Galactose and Uronic Acids.

Meeting with an Expert: Study of Genes and Nucleic Acids. Proteomics. Importance in Medicine.

           Credit test.

Laboratory classes 

Laboratory Practice and Safety Rules. Introduction to Spectrophotometry.

Potenciometry. Weak Acid - Titration Curve.

Spectrophotometry. Determination of ferrous Ions Concentration.

The pH Measurement. Determination of Capacity of Acetate Buffer. Buffer Capacity of Proteins.

Factors Influencing Laboratory Results. Accuracy of Measurement.

Properties of Enzymes - the Influence of pH, Temperature, Concentration and Substrate Specificity. 

Kinetics of Enzymatic Reactions.

General Properties of Amino Acids and Proteins. Determination of Isoelectric Point of Proteins.

Gel Permeation Chromatography. "Desalting" of Proteins.

Notes:

Attendance at laboratory classes and seminars is COMPULSORY and a register is kept. Substitution of written tests must be consulted with Asssoc. Prof. Stoklasová in case of your unavoidable absence (e. g. illness). Before starting laboratory class, do not forget laboratory coat and change your shoes (with rubber sole - no shoe covers).  Calculator is necessary. Laboratory manual is available in MOODLE.

Anotace

The main topics of the course include: 1) Principles of general, inorganic, physical and organic chemistry important for understanding biochemical processes. They include interactions between molecules, selected biogenic elements and their compounds, isomerism, biochemically significant organic compounds and their transformations typical of the organism, nomenclature, thermodynamics and kinetics of chemical reactions focused on biological systems, catalysis, enzymes, coenzymes and vitamins, solutions and their properties, acid-base processes, oxidation-reduction processes and biological oxidations, amino acids, peptides and proteins. 2) Basic aspects of metabolism focus on the overall overview of metabolism, electron transport chain and formation of high energy compounds, formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, citric acid cycle, metabolism of carbohydrates and nucleic acids; protein synthesis. 3) Basic laboratory techniques in biochemistry focus on potentiometry, spectrophotometry and chromatography and their use for characteristics of buffers, determination of catalytic concentration of enzymes, influencing the results of laboratory examinations (analytical errors), or protein separation.

Learning outcomes: 1.The student will consolidate his/her knowledge of the course of chemical reactions in application to living systems and their influence by external conditions. 2.The student acquires a basic idea of the relationships between metabolic processes, which he/she will use in their more detailed study, including regulations at various levels in related subjects. 3.The student will get acquainted with the basic laboratory techniques used in the biochemical laboratory and will be able to process the results and their evaluation. 4.The student will be able to use the acquired knowledge in solving model case reports.