Syllabus
Introduction to the subject
A content of physical chemistry and its relation to pharmaceutical disciplines.
Intermolecular forces and states of matter binding and non-binding interactions isotropy, anisotropy, polymorphism, isomorphism, liquid crystals.
Physico-chemical properties of substances, photochemistry
Polarity of substances, dipole moment, relative permitivity, absorption of electromagnetic radiation, Lamber-Beer´s law, atomic absorption and emission spectra light absorption by molecules in UV, VIS and IR region, nuclear magnetic resonance mass spectrometry molecular emission spectra (Raman phenomenon, fluorescence and phosphorescence) photochemical reactions.
Thermodynamics 1st law of thermodynamics, internal energy and enthalpy, standard state, thermochemistry, reaction heats, thermochemical laws, standard heats of formation and combustion, dependence of the reaction heat on temperature 2nd law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes, entropy, Helmholtz and Gibbs energies, chemical potential, conception of absolute entropy 3rd law of thermodynamics.
Chemical equilibrium
Equilibrium constant, equilibrium degree of conversion and its control by reaction conditions, LeChatelier principle standard change of Gibbs energy during a reaction, temperature dependence of equilibrium constant.
Phase equilibrium
Gibbs phase rule, types of systems one component equilibrium, Clapeyron and Clausius-Clapeyron equations two component systems, Henry´s law, sparingly miscible liquids solubility of solid substances, system solid substance - solvent, melts
Raoult´s law and its application, cryoscopy and ebullioscopy, osmotic pressure three component systems, Nernst distribution law, extraction ternary diagram, system of three liquids interfacial phenomena, principles of chromatography basic methodology of thermal analysis.
Reaction kinetics reaction rate, molecularity, mechanisms and order of a reaction, simplex reactions, reactions of 0th, 1st, 2nd and n-th order of reaction, rate constant, reaction half-life, determination of an order of reaction effect of temperature and other factors on reaction rate kinetics of simultaneous reactions heterogeneous reaction, catalysis theories of the rate constant
Electrochemistry equilibria electrolyte solutions, characteristics of electrolytes, degree of dissociation
Arrhenius classical theory activity, activity coefficient, ionic strength, Debye-Hückel equations for activity coefficients dissociation of water, pH in aqueous and non-aqueous media, theories of acids and bases dissociation of weak acids and bases, calculation of their pH, Ostwald´s law buffers, mechanism of their action, Henderson-Hasselbalch equations, buffer capacity hydrolysis of salts, hydrolytic constant and calculation of pH of salt solutions amphoteric electrolytes, isoelectric point acid-base indicators solubility of precipitates, solubility product transport processes electrolyte solutions, conductivity of electrolytes, Kohlrausch law, Arrhenius relation, electrode potential metal/metal-ion system, oxidation-reduction potential, types of electrodes, galvanic cells, measurement of EMV, junction potential, physiologic potential electrolysis, Faraday´s laws, polarization, principle of classical polarography and related voltametric methods.
Colloidal systems
Classification of dispersed systems lyophilic, lyophobic and associating colloids optical, kinetic and electrical properties of colloids suspensions, liquid surfaces, surface and interface tension, sedimentation emulsions, types of emulsions, surface and interfacial tension, adsorption at liquid interfaces, surface-active substances, hydrophile-lipophile balance, electric double layer, Nernst and zeta potential, influence of electrolytes.
Practical training
Determination of the relative molecular weight by Rast method
Determination of the phase diagram in a ternary system containing a single pair of sparingly miscible liquids
Determination of the distribution coefficient of a substance between two immiscible liquids
Kinetic measurement of the acetylsalicylic acid decomposition (1st order kinetics)
Kinetic measurement of the basic decomposition of ethyl acetate (2nd order kinetics)
Potentiometric determination of the dissociation constant of a weak acid
Conductimetric determination of the dissociation constant of a weak acid or a weak base
Measurement of electrode potentials
Determination of the critical micellar concentration
Spectrophotometric determination of the dissociation constant of an acid-base indicator
Seminars, solution of model problems
Concentration of solutions pH of strong and weak acids and bases, pH of buffers, pH dependence of dissociation of substances electrode potential, oxidation-reduction potential osmotic pressure reaction rate, half-life of reaction, Arrhenius equation
Clausius-Clapeyron equation, equilibrium constant, van’t Hoff´s reaction isobar, van’t Hoff´s reaction isotherm thermodynamic feasibility of a reaction distribution coefficient basic thermodynamic quantities
Annotation
Physical chemistry is a multidisciplinary subject employing the knowledge of physics, chemistry, electrochemistry and quantum mechanics for the description of substances on both the molecular and the macroscopic level. This subject provides a necessary theoretical basis and enables students to acquire knowledge of principles of physical-chemical methods of measurement. This subject affords a fundamental knowledge necessary in study of follow-up subjects from the area of natural sciences as well as pharmaceutical disciplines.
Topics: Introduction to the subject, Intermolecular forces and states of matter, Physico-chemical properties of substances, photochemistry, Thermodynamics, Chemical equilibrium, Phase equilibrium, Reaction kinetics, Electrochemistry, Colloidal systems.