Issues in European Energy and Climate Security

Francis McGowan, University of Sussex

Spring 2013

UPDATED!!!

CLASSES WILL TAKE PLACE ON MONDAY APRIL 29 (9:30 - 12:30) AND THURSDAY MAY 2 (8:00 - 12:30)

This course addresses the growing importance of security as an issue for energy and climate policy within the EU, analysing the way in which different concepts of security have emerged (or re-emerged) to redefine policy priorities in both areas. The course draws upon old and new arguments on the nature of security and securitization and the way in which energy - and its environmental consequences - has been incorporated into these debates. The course also provides an overview of international energy markets and of global environmental conditions, assessing the position of the EU in each. The core of the course is an analysis of the EU’s own attempts to develop a coordinated response to questions of energy and climate security and its role as a protagonist in international negotiations.

This short course will comprise a daily class with elements of lecture and seminar combined. The topics to be covered are:

1. Contextualising European Energy and Climate Policies: Europe as an International Actor/ Security, Securitization and Risk

2. The EU and Global Energy and Climate Conditions

3. The Evolution of the Energy and Environmental Policies in the EU

4. Contemporary EU Energy & Climate Policy

5.The EU’s Energy and Climate Diplomacy

Assessment

Active participation and attendence in seminars and an essays submitted by email within one week of the end of the course.

Resources

The reading list provides a starting point for the various topics covered in the course. Where possible we will draw upon online sources but you are also encouraged to identify additional sources through your own research.

You may also find the following list of websites of interest. It’s quite EU-centric but may still provide some useful material at the interstices with energy and environment policy.

EU/International Organisation Sites

www.europa.eu

www.eea.eu

www.iea.org

EU-focused Think Tanks

www.bruegel.org/

www.ceps.be

www.cer.org.uk/

www.ecfr.eu/

www.epc.eu

www.voxeu.org/

EU Media

www.eubusiness.com/

www.euobserver.com/

www.euractiv.com

www.europeanvoice.com/

EU Energy Associations/NGOs

www.eeb.org

www.erec.org

www2.eurelectric.org

www.eurogas.org

www.europia.eu

www.ewea.org

www.foratom.org

Energy Blogs

blogs.cfr.org/levi/

www.energypolicyblog.com/

www.europeanenergyreview.eu/

www.teachingclimatelaw.org/

1. Contextualising European Energy and Climate Policies: Europe as an International Actor/Security and Securitization

This introductory class provides an overview of the course and sets out some of the wider themes which will be of relevance over the following weeks. On the one hand, we explore the way in which the EU’s international role has been conceptualized. On the other, we discuss the debates within IR on security and consider the way in which issues of energy and climate change are perceived as security issues.

Seminar/Essay Questions

How has the EU’s international role evolved over its history?

Should the security agenda be extended beyond traditional security concerns?

Required Reading

Barnett, J (2003) "Security and Climate Change" Global Environmental Change 13

Ciuta, F (2010)"Conceptual Notes on Energy Security" Security Dialogue 41(2).

Hill, C (1993) ‘The Capability-Expectations Gap, or Conceptualizing Europe’s International Role’. Journal of Common Market Studies, 31( 3).

Further Reading

Barnett, J (2007) "Environmental Security" in Collins, A (ed) Contemporary Security Studies, OUP

Brauch, H (2008) Globalization and environmental challenges: reconceptualizing security in the 21st century, Springer

Bretherton, Charlotte & Vogler, John (2004), The European Union As A Global Actor, Routledge

Buchan, D (2002) The Threat Within: Deregulation and Energy Security - Survival 44(3)

Burgess, J.P (2007) "Non-military security challenges", in Craig A. Snyder, (ed). Contemporary Security and Strategy, Palgrave.

Burrows, S. and G. Treverton (2007) "A Strategic View of Energy Futures" Survival 49(3).

Busby, J.W (2007) "Climate Change and National Security An Agenda for Action" CSR 32, Council on Foreign Relations (downloadable at www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/ClimateChange_CSR32.pdf)

Bulkeley, H (2001) "Governing Climate Change: The Politics of Risk Society?" Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, Vol. 26, No. 4.

Buzan, B., O. Waever and J de Wilde (1997), Security: a New Framework for Analysis Lynne Rienner.

Chasek et al (2006) Global Environmental Politics, Westview

Cherp, A and Jewell, J (2011) "The three perspectives on energy security: intellectual history, disciplinary roots and the potential for integration" Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3

Chester, L (2010) "Conceptualising energy security and making explicit its polysemic nature" Energy Policy 38(2)

Collins, A (ed) (2007) Contemporary Security Studies, OUP

Dalby, S (2009) Security and environmental change, Polity

Deudney, D (1990) "The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security" Millennium 19(3).

Dyer, H (2000) "Environmental Security: the New Agenda" in Jones, C and Kennedy-Pipe, C (eds) International Security in a Global Age, Cass.

Floyd, R (2008) "The Environmental Security Debate and its Significance for Climate Change" The International Spectator, 43(3).

Froggatt, A and Levi, M (2009) "Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts" International Affairs 85(6)

Greene, O (2004) "Environmental Issues" in Bayliss and Smith (ed) Globalization of World Politics, OUP,

Hill, Christopher J. & Smith, Michael (eds) (2005), International Relations and the European Union, OUP.

Hough, P (2004) Understanding Global Security, Routledge.

IEA (2007) Energy Security and Climate Policy: Assessing Interactions (downloadable at http://www.iea.org/publications/free_new_Desc.asp?PUBS_ID=1883 )

Joenniemi, P (2007) "Towards a European Union of Post-Security" Cooperation and Conflict, 42(1).

Luciani, G (2011) "Armed Conflicts and Security of Oil and Gas Supplies" CEPS Working Document 352.

Luciani, G (2011) "The Functioning of the International Oil Markets and its Security Implications" CEPS Working Document 351.

Manners, I (2002) "Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?" Journal of Common Market Studies 40(2).

Moran, D and Russell, J (2009) Energy Security and Global Politics: The militarization of resource management Oxford: Routledge.

Podesta, J and P. Ogden "The Security Implications of Climate Change" The Washington Quarterly 31:1 (downloadable at http://www.twq.com/08winter/docs/08winter_podesta.pdf)

Sjursen, H (2005), From Civilian to Military Power: the European Union at a Crossroads? Routledge.

Ullman, R (1983) "Redefining Security" International Security 8(1)

Waever, O (1995) "Securitization and Desecuritization" in R. Lipschutz (ed), On Security Columbia University Press.

Watkins, C (2006)‘Oil scarcity: what have the past three decades revealed?’ Energy Policy 34:5.

Williams, M (2008) "(In)Security Studies, Reflexive Modernization and the Risk Society", Cooperation and Conflict 43

Winzer, C (2011),"Conceptualizing Energy Security" EPRG Working Paper 1123

Yergin, D (2006) "Ensuring Energy Security" Foreign Affairs Vol 85 (2)

Youngs, R (2010) Europe’s Decline and Fall: the Struggle Against Global Irrelevance, London: Profile.

2.The EU and Global Energy and Climate Conditions

This class outlines the evolution of Europe’s position as a consumer of energy and a producer of emissions and places it in the context of global trends. We will look at the interaction between energy and the economy, the changing patterns of production and trade and the diversity of conditions within the region. The aim is to gain a better understanding of Europe’s energy and environmental profile, both historically and geographically.

Seminar Topics/Essay Questions

Explain the changing significance of energy imports within the EU?

How has the economic significance of energy changed in Europe compared with other industrialized and industrializing