Microbiology - General Medicine, 2^nd year

Winter semester

Seminars, 3 hrs/week

1. Introduction, history of clinical microbiology, evolution of microbes, general microbiology (viruses, bacteria, parasites, mechanism of parasitism and interaction between pathogen and host, pathogenicity, virulence – definitions, basic principles of immunity)

2. Phases of diagnostic process (pre-analytical phase - indication of laboratory examination, collection of clinical specimen and its transport to the laboratory, analytical phase, interpretation – post-analytical phase, laboratory handbook, request form, direct/indirect detection of pathogens)

3. Microscopy diagnostic methods (Gram stain, Ziehl-Neelsen stain, other staining methods, microscopy in bacteriology, mycology and parasitology, interpretation and evaluation)

4. Cultivation diagnostic methods (culture media, growth characteristics, identification of microbes, cultivation of viruses, special cultivation techniques)

5. Immunological and molecular genetic methods (principles of immunology methods, categories of antibodies, main laboratory assays, polymerase chain reaction - principles and options, sequencing, other methods)

6. Antibiotic therapy (determination of susceptibility to antibiotics, types of antibiotics, resistance to antibiotics, antibiotic stewardship)

7. Review of clinically important Gram-positive cocci (characteristics, factors responsible for virulence, diseases, diagnostics, epidemiology, antibiotic therapy; Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., etc.)

8. Review of clinically important Gram-positive rods and anaerobes (characteristics, factors responsible for virulence, diseases, diagnostics, epidemiology, antibiotic therapy Bacillus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Clostridium ssp. Bacteroides ssp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Fusobacterium spp., etc.)

9. Review of clinically important Gram-negative bacteria (characteristics, factors responsible for virulence, diseases, diagnostics, epidemiology, antibiotic therapy; Neisseria spp., Haemophilus spp., Enterobacterales, Vibrio spp., Campylobacter spp., Helicobacter spp., Pseudomonas and other non-fermenting rods, Legionella spp.)

10. Review of clinically important bacteria - other (characteristics, factors responsible for virulence, diseases, diagnostics, epidemiology, antibiotic therapy; Mycobacterium spp., Nocardia spp., Actinomyces spp., Chlamydia spp., Mycoplasma spp., Rickettsia spp., etc.)

11. Review of clinically important fungi (characteristics, factors responsible for virulence, diseases, diagnostics, epidemiology, therapy; Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp., Aspergillus spp., dermatomycoses, Histoplasma spp., Pneumocystis jirovecii, etc.)

12. Review of clinically important parasites (taxonomy, life cycles, vectors, diseases, diagnostics, therapy; protozoa, helminths, parasitic arthropodes, review of the most important species- - Trypanosoma spp., Leishmania spp., Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Taenia spp., Enterobius vermicularis)

13. Credits