Prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection among women and its relation to cervical HPV infection
Abstract
Objective: To summarize current knowledge of prevalence, duration and clearance of anal HPV infection among women and its relation to cervical HPV infection. Design: Review article.
Setting: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital Na Bulovce and 1st Medical School of Charles University, Prague; Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Prague; Gynecologic Oncology Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Faculty Hospital and 1st Medical School of Charles University, Prague. Results: The infection of human papillomavirus (HPV) is strongly associated with the development of anal cancer.
Anal HPV infection is common and most anal HPV infections are transient. Women with cervical HPV infection, cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer are at the increased risk.
Concurrent anal and cervical HPV infection is most prevalent among the youngest women. By contrast, the prevalence of anal infection alone remains relatively steady in all age groups.
Compared with cervical infections, the overall distribution of HPV genotypes in the anus are more heterogeneous and include a greater proportion of nononcogenic types. A high degree of genotype-specific concordance is observed among concurrent anal and cervical infections, indicating a common source of infection.
Tobacco smoking delays clearance of anal HPV. Conclusion: The high degree of genotype-specific concordance suggests that the cervix may be primary source and may serve as reservoir of HPV infection, too.
Any type of sexual contact may be a route of transmission, history of anal intercourse is not a condition. The women with HPV related disease of low genital tract form high-risk group for acquisition of anal HPV infection and development of anal carcinoma.