Advantages and pitfalls of using free-hand sections of frozen needles for three-dimensional analysis of mesophyll by stereology and confocal microscopy

Abstract

Application of confocal microscopy and stereological methods on frozen-stored Norway spruce needles

Keywords

• confocal microscopy
• fakir method
• internal surface area
• mesophyll
• Norway spruce
• stereology
• anatomical characteristics
• leaf structure
• surface-area
• barley leaf
• temperature
• seedlings
• thick
• photosynthesis
• estimators
• irradiance