Abstract
Calcium and vitamin D play an important role in primary prevention of osteoporosis and secondary prevention of fractures (1). In adults, calcium is important to maintain the bone mass.
Lack of calcium leads to secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with increased bone loss. Prolonged severe calcium and vitamin D deficiency can lead to the development of osteomalacia.
Recent studies have suggested an increased cardiovascular risk in long-term supplementation with higher doses of calcium, especially for those with sufficient dietary calcium intake (total intake of 1 400 mg of elemental calcium daily) (2). It is advisable to pay attention to the average daily intake of dietary calcium in subjects who are considering supplementation with calcium supplements.
Calcium supplementation is indicated in patients with inadequate dietary calcium intake, especially in the case of intolerance or insufficient intake of dairy products. The following article provides an overview of the known effects and risks of calcium supplementation.