Prenatal exposure to opiates also induces long-term changes in behavior, learning and memory, reproduction, impairment of new environment and stress responses, and changes in the seizure susceptibility. These effects are probably due to alterations in neurotransmitter systems in the central nervous system affected by prenatal drug exposure.
Not only the opioid system, but also the cholinergic and catecholaminergic systems seem to play a role in the effects of prenatal opiate exposure.