Chronic heart failure is associated with increased prevalence of other diseases limiting patients outcome and quality of life. Among others, chronic kidney disease, hepatic function impairement, anemia, lung function disturbances, cardiac kachexia, hypothyroidism, depression, breathing disorders associated with sleeping and arterial and venous thrombosis are special issues requiring special approaches.
Treatment of dyslipidaemia and diabetes mellitus in heart failure patients requires special approach too. All above mentioned diseases represent special issues in the diagnosis and the management of the patients with chronic heart failure requiring basic knowledge of other topics out of cardiology