Despite positive contribution of biocompatible peritoneal dialysis solutions, icodextrin and automated peritoneal dialysis into routine clinical practice, in a not negligible part of peritoneal dialysis patients there is a neccessity a rescue transfer to hemodialysis, most frequently due to peritonitis and loss of ultrafiltration capacity of peritoneal membrane. If after this modality change the patient survives the first 60 days, his long term clinical outcome in not affected by the modality change, contrary to the type of vascular access, because central vascular access is associated with higher mortality.