Abstract
The issue of religious minorities in modern Central Europe, including the Czech lands, tends to be disregarded, which seems to have substantive reasons. However, it should be kept in mind that religious division was the key factor in European society in the past, particularly from the Reformation until the weakening of the significance of religion in the 18th and 19th centuries; at that time, a modern type of nationalistic conflicts were not observed.
The Hussite movement and the specific development of the Czech Reformation is thus an issue of religious minorities. It is interesting that one of the oldest documents of legal tolerance comes from Bohemia, namely the position of religious minorities regulated by the Conciliation of Kutná Hora of 1485.
After the Battle of Bílá Hora, particularly in the Renewed Constitution of the Land, the process of liquidation of religious minorities was initiated, although in the beginning they formed in fact a majority in numbers (except for Jews). Tolerance was reinstalled as late as in 1781; however, it did not mean their equality and religious minorities continued their existence.
The removal of preferences of Catholic Religion was seen primarily in 1849 and 1868, but certain privileges of the Catholic Church survived until the termination of monarchy. From its very beginning in 1918, Czechoslovakia tried to install a strict equality of all religions although, quite surprisingly, the provisions of the Constitution of 1920 contained many notes on religious minorities.
This was apparently caused by the implemented rules of international law rather than by an actual significance of the isue for the society. The Communist Czechoslovakia essentially oppressed all religions, whilst after 1989 the country returned to the concept which applied before WWII, i.e. the absence of preference of any religion.