Takayasu arteritis in childhood: retrospective experience from a tertiary referral centre in the United Kingdom
Abstract
Introduction: Takayasu arteritis (TA) is an idiopathic large-vessel vasculitis affecting the aorta and its major branches. Although the disease rarely affects children, it does occur, even in infants.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical features, disease activity, treatment and outcome of childhood TA in a tertiary UK centre. Methods: We analysed a retrospective case series of children fulfilling the TA classification criteria of the European League against Rheumatism, the Paediatric Rheumatology European Society and the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation.
Data regarding demographics, clinical features, treatments and outcomes were recorded. Descriptive statistics are expressed as median and range.
Fisher's exact test was used for group comparisons. The Paediatric Vasculitis Activity Score (PVAS), Paediatric Vasculitis Damage Index (PVDI), Disease Extent Index-Takayasu (DEI.
Tak) and Indian Takayasu Arteritis Activity Score (ITAS2010) were calculated retrospectively. Results: A total of 11 children (64% female) with age at diagnosis of 11.8 (1.3 to 17) years were identified over a 23-year period.
The median time to diagnosis was 17 (0 to 132) months. The most common clinical features at presentation were arterial hypertension (72.7%), systemic features (36%) and cardiovascular (45%), neurological (36%), pulmonary (27%), skin (9%), renal (9%) and gastrointestinal (9%) involvement.
At presentation, PVAS was 5/63 (1 to 13); DEI. Tak was 7/81 (2 to 12) and ITAS2010 was 9/57 (6 to 20).
Treatment included corticosteroids (81.8%), combined with methotrexate in most cases (72.7%). Cyclophosphamide (36.4%) and biologic agents (45.5%) were reserved for severe and/or refractory cases.
PVDI at latest follow-up was 5.5/72 (3 to 15). Mortality was 27%.
Young age at disease onset (= 3 were significantly associated with mortality risk (P = 0.024).