This research (a) reveals and contrasts the Arctic states' capability constraints deriving from their longitudinal material and virtual power potential (physical potential, socio-economic potential, military potential, and symbolic potential); and (b) analyzes the role of this constraint in the process of preference formation in case of one specific Arctic actor, Russia, in the Arctic sovereignty game. We confirm that Russia's capability constraint has been the lowest in the region and that the latter does not form a stable trend throughout the studied period; and suggest the preference formation framework for Russia in the Arctic sovereignty game based on the evolution of its polar capability constraint.