Abstrakt
Bullying is a complex social phenomenon involving both direct and indirect forms of aggression. The direct attack may be verbal, physical, or the bully destroys objects that have emotional or other value to the victimized individual.
Indirect bullying refers to hidden manipulation through social relationships aimed at hurting or excluding the bullied person from peers (e.g. by gossiping). Bullying brings a variety of adverse consequences that are long-lasting and negatively affect both the victim and the bully.
Victims of bullying are at a higher risk of developing mental problems in adulthood. Psychological consequences in adulthood may include problems with social functioning, internalization of constant anticipation of a threat or anxiety in interpersonal contacts.
In vulnerable individuals, bullying may lead to depressive disorder, suicidal thoughts, eating disorders, personality disorder as well as psychotic disorders. Consequences to physical health are manifested by numerous psychosomatic symptoms.