This paper deals with a question of mass internal civilian displacement as the significant social phenomenon of Austro-Italian borderland in the time of First World War, which is explored here on the example of the regional specifics on the exile of the Trentino refugees in Bohemian municipalities from 1915 to 1919. The aim of this article is to provide the overview of social and cultural aspects of this unusual diaspora with special regard to the sphere of Austrian social refugee assistance.