Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The aim of this paper was to compare terminal extension in normal and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficient knees, and therefore to determine the role of the ACL during this motion. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ten knees with ACL tears (7 knees with recent ACL tears, 3 knees with long-standing tears) and 10 normal contralateral knees have been examined using MRI in passive hyperextension, 20 degrees flexion and 20 degrees flexion with a 9 kg posteriorly directed load on the femur.
Movements of the femoral condyles on the tibia were calculated using previously described methods. RESULTS 1.
Under the load at 20 degrees flexion, knees with ACL tear showed posterior femoral subluxation (equivalent to a Lachman test), chronic tears being more unstable. Contralateral normal knees were antero-posteriorly stable.
In hyperextension, both femoral condyles subluxed posteriorly in ACL tears but not in normal knees. 2. In all knees with ACL tear, the lateral femoral condyle moved posteriorly from hyperextension to 20 degrees, equating to femoral external rotation. 3.
The longitudinal rotation axis during terminal extension in normal knees was medial but in ACL tears it was central causing the medial femoral condyle to move forward from hyperextension to 20 degrees. In normal knees, the medial femoral condyle did not move antero-posteriorly from hyperextension to 20 degrees flexion.
DISCUSSION Internal rotation of the femur during terminal extension has been recognized for 150 years. The question remains: what causes the usual combination of longitudinal rotation and extension? In the current literature ACL is considered to be responsible for internal rotation of the femur during terminal extension of the knee.
So far, as we are aware, the kinematics of terminal extension, including hyperextension, have not been reported after ACL tear in the living knee. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study imply that: 1.
The ACL prevents anterior tibial subluxation in hyperextension. 2. The ACL does not cause rotation in terminal extension. 3.
The ACL locates the axis of longitudinal rotation in terminal extension. We hope that by studying living knees with and without ACL tear we may not only clarify the nature and mechanism of rotation in terminal extension, and hence the role of the ACL, but do so in a context of direct clinical relevance.