Lanthanide Complexes of DO3A–(dibenzylamino)methylphosphinate: Effect of Protonation of the Dibenzylamino Group on the Water-Exchange Rate and the Binding of Human Serum Albumin
Abstract
Protonation of a distant, noncoordinated group of metal-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents potentially changes their relaxivity. The effect of a positive charge of the drug on the human serum albumin (HSA)-drug interaction remains poorly understood as well.
Accordingly, a (dibenzylamino)methylphosphinate derivative of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) was efficiently synthesized using pyridine as the solvent for a Mannich-type reaction of tBu(3)DO3A, formaldehyde, and Bn(2)NCH2PO2H2 ethyl ester. The ligand protonation and metal ion (Gd(3+), Cu(2+), and Zn(2+)) stability constants were similar to those of the parent DOTA, whereas the basicity of the side-chain amino group of the complexes (logK(A) = 5.8) was 1 order of magnitude lower than that of the free ligand (log K(A) = 6.8).
The presence of one bound water molecule in both deprotonated and protonated forms of the gadolinium(III) complex was deduced from the solid-state X-ray diffraction data [gadolinium(III) and dysprosium(III)], from the square antiprism/twisted square antiprism (SA/TSA) isomer ratio along the lanthanide series, from the fluorescence data of the europium(III) complex, and from the (17)O NMR measurements of the dysprosium(III) and gadolinium(III) complexes. In the gadolinium(III) complex with the deprotonated amino group, water exchange is extremely fast (τ(M) = 6 ns at 25 °C), most likely thanks to the high abundance of the TSA isomer and to the presence of a proximate protonable group, which assists the water-exchange process.
The interaction between lanthanide(III) complexes and HSA is pH-dependent, and the deprotonated form is bound much more efficaciously (approx. 13% and approx. 70% bound complex at pH = 4 and 7, respectively). The relaxivities of the complex and its HSA adduct are also pH-dependent, and the latter is approximately 2-3 times increased at pH = 4-7.
The relaxivity for the supramolecular HSA-complex adduct (r1(b)) is as high as 52 mM(-1) s(-1) at neutral pH (at 20 MHz and 25 °C). The findings of this study stand as a proof-of-concept, showing the ability to manipulate an albumin-drug interaction, and thus the blood pool residence time of the drug, by introducing a positive charge in a side-chain amino group.