Abstract
Diagnosis and primary treatment of bladder tumors involve careful transurethral resection. Histology specifies tumor type, grading and depth of invasion into the wall of bladder.
Based on the latter, tumors divide into non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive. There are four main risk groups of non-muscle-invasive tumors.
According to them, the monitoring or intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy are indicated. Early radical cystectomy (RC) should be performed in the highest risk group.
The surgical approach for invasive tumors includes RC, pelvic lymphadenectomy and urinary diversion, most often in the ureteroileostomy or orthotopic neobladder. Complications after RC are frequent and depend largely on the experience of a surgeon and the number of cases at an individual centre.