Abstract
A stinger is a synapomorphy of Aculeata group. The branch of Aculeata has cleaved from the Parasitica group - they both belong to the order Apocrita.
The stinger of Aculeata has evolved from a former ovipositor - though the function of laying eggs has been lost. Besides venom gland several other glands including Dufour's gland vent into a stinger.
The original (parasitic-predator strategy- binding) function of the gland excretes is a paralysis of the prey. In social Aculeata it gains a defensive function - associated with a possible act of autotomy of the stinger.
The stinger and associated glands are also a source of pheromones and small peptides with an antimicrobial function. These peptides act together with other venom components and they help to improve its effectiveness.
The lecture was followed by discussion.