High-grade recurrence after BCG instillation therapy for NMIBC is associated with a significant risk of tumour progression. Radical cystectomy is recommended for these patients to prevent disease spread and tumour-related death.
As radical cystectomy is associated with a risk of complications and overtreatment, an effective bladder-preserving treatment modality is desired. Steinberg et al present outcomes from one of the largest multicentre cohort of patients with recurrence after BCG immunotherapy.
The results are promising, but there are some aspects that need to be discussed.