Anemia is a relatively common finding in patients with advanced malignancies and especially during cancer treatment, a decrease in hemoglobin levels correlates with a deterioration in the quality of life of those affected, it can be a reason for reduced chemotherapy intensity, impaired treatment tolerance and impaired outcomes. Application of recombinant growth factors of erythropoiesis, resp. erythropoietins, resp.
Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESAs), in addition to transfusions of erythrocyte resuspensions, represents one of the solutions to anemia, not only in oncology. Like any other therapy or intervention, ESAs also have their risks and could be considered controversial in certain situation.