The essay deals with ethnic and religious issues as reflected especially in the humanist historiography produced in the Kingdom of Bohemia. It also briefly characterises the ethnic development of the lands of the Crown of Bohemia and shows how national and religious sentiments may have changed through individual authors (Bohuslav Bílejovský, Martin Kuthen of Šprinsberk, Václav Hájek of Libočany, Jan Dubravius and others).