This presentation delves into the cartographic representation of the South China Sea throughout history, tracing the evolution of territorial claims and the portrayal of national humiliation by China and its neighboring countries. It examines the cartographic depictions of historical events, such as the Qing Dynasty's defeat in the Opium Wars and the loss of Taiwan, as well as the perceived encroachments by foreign powers in the region.
By analyzing the maps, atlases, and official documents produced by various stakeholders, this presentation uncovers the role of cartography in perpetuating the notion of national humiliation as a foundational element of state identity and foreign policy.